Thursday, 24 November 2016

FYP PROGRESS - WEEK 8

What is a GSM technology?

The term GSM stands for “Global System for Mobile communications” and it is a digital cellular technology used to transmit mobile voice as well as data services. It supports voice calls and the speed of the data transfer ranges up to 9.6 kbps, together with the broadcast of Short Message Service (SMS). The operating frequency of GSM ranges from 900MHz to 1.8GHz bands in Europe country and in the USA, it would be 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands.In many Lain American countries and in Australia these services are also transmitted through the 850MHz spectrum. To know more about this, please follow the below link:
GSM Modem
GSM Modem

My projects references and journal



Friday, 11 November 2016

FYP PROGRESS - WEEK 6

COMMON METER DEVICE AND STANDARD ELECTRIC TARIFF

For Single Phase
Meters Shown below are the 4 most common single phase electronic energy meters used in TNB. The kWh consumption is shown on the LCD display. There is no need to push any button.


LATEST TNB ELECTRICITY TARIFF RATES TABLE FOR 2016 

The following shared TNB electricity tariff for Peninsular Malaysia for category A: Residence to guide all. This rate is effective from January 1, 2014.


A. Kategori Kediaman

KATEGORI TARIFUNITKADAR SEMASA (1 JANUARI 2014)
200 kWh pertama (1 - 200 kWh) sebulansen/kWh21.8
Untuk 100 kWh berikutnya (201 - 300 kWh) sebulansen/kWh33.4
Untuk 300 kWh berikutnya (301 - 600 kWh) sebulansen/kWh51.6
Untuk 300 kWh selanjutnya (601 - 900 kWh) sebulansen/kWh54.6
Untuk kWh berikutnya (901 kWh ke atas) sebulansen/kWh57.1

* Nota : Caj Minimum bulanan adalah RM3.00



Thursday, 3 November 2016

FYP PROGRESS - WEEK 5



Automatic meter reading


Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near real-time consumption rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption.
AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on telephony platforms (wired and wireless), radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission.



The benefits of smart metering for the utility.
  • Accurate meter reading, no more estimates
  • Improved billing
  • Accurate profile classes and measurement classes, true costs applied
  • Improved security and tamper detection for equipment
  • Energy management through profile data graphs
  • Less financial burden correcting mistakes
  • Less accrued expenditure
  • Transparency of “cost to read” metering
  • Improved procurement power though more accurate data - “de-risking” price
  • In cases of shortages, utility will be able to manage/allocate supply.

The benefits of smart metering for the customer.
  • Improved billing and tacking of usage.